Compositions and methods for inducing bone growth and inhibiting bone loss

ABSTRACT

Compositions useful for inducing bone growth or inhibiting bone loss in an animal comprising one or more isoflavones or isoflavone metabolites and methods for inducing bone growth or inhibiting bone loss in an animal utilizing such compositions. The compositions and methods are particularly useful for post-menopause, post-andropause, gonadectomized, spayed, or neutered animals.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. §371 ofPCT/US2007/004747 filed Feb. 22, 2007, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/777,666 filed Feb. 28, 2006, thedisclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates generally compositions and methods for inducingbone growth or inhibiting bone loss and particularly to the use ofisoflavones or metabolites thereof to induce bone growth or to inhibitbone loss.

2. Description of the Related Art

Bone remodeling is a continuing cycle. The cycle begins withosteoclast-mediated bone resorption and is followed by bone massrestoration by osteoblasts. The process of bone remodeling is primarilyregulated by sex hormones, especially estrogen. However, genetic,nutritional, and environmental factors can influence bone turnover.Estrogen has been shown to plays a major role in bone remodeling inmales as well as females. Estrogen reduces bone remodeling bysuppressing osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis from marrowprecursors, inhibits bone resorption by reducing pro-resorptivecytokines, and regulates the lifespan and activities of osteoblasts.

Dysregulation of the bone remodeling cycle often occurs. A more rapidrate of bone tissue dissolution and loss than bone tissue restoration iscommonly observed among the aged population. Pathological bone loss istermed osteoporosis. Accelerated bone loss and osteoporosisdisproportionately affects females. It is well accepted that estrogendeficiency, brought on by the onset of menopause in females, is aprimary contributor to such bone loss. Nevertheless, bone loss andosteoporosis are observed in males.

Although there is no physiological equivalent to menopause in males,many males do experience an age-associated decrease in sex hormonecirculation and hypogonadism. These changes are referred to asandropause. Hypogonadism and a decrease in estrogen contribute to boneloss and osteoporosis in males. Thus, both menopause and andropause arerisk factors for bone loss.

In addition to menopause and andropause, surgical removal of sex organsaffects the levels of sex hormones such as estrogen. Such removal canaffect bone size, mass, and density. In animals, procedures such asneutering, spaying, ovariectomy, castration, and the like, arefrequently performed for population control. The practical effect of agonadectomy in mature female animals is the surgical equivalent ofnaturally occurring menopause in aged female animals because theprocedure effectively diminishes circulating levels of sex hormones.After menopause, extragonadal biosynthesis of estrogen in female animalsdepends on the availability of precursor steroids from the adrenalcortex. Extragonadal biosynthesis of estrogen is also important for thenormal function of many tissues and systems including bone in the maleanimals. Circulating testosterone from the testis appears to be themajor precursor for extragonadal estrogen biosynthesis. Male animalsmaintain sufficient concentrations of circulating testosteronethroughout life to support extragonadal biosynthesis of estrogen.Therefore, male animals usually do not suffer osteoporosis until verylate in life. However, surgical removal of sex organs in mature maleanimals leads to complete loss of the production of androgen andestrogen by testis. Such removal also results in the loss of the majorprecursor for extragonadal estrogen biosynthesis that naturally does notoccur in male animals.

Bone strength is largely dependent on bone density and bone quality. Inhumans, if peak bone mass is not reached in childhood and adolescence arisk of osteoporosis later in life arises. Surgical removal of sexorgans in immature and growing male and female animals prevents theanimals from reaching peak bone mass by reducing the accumulation ofbone mineral density and content. As such, a gonadectomy can beconsidered a risk factor for impaired bone growth and development inyoung growing animals.

Hormone replacement therapy and dietary supplementation are frequentlyused to combat the effects of diminished sex hormone circulation on boneremodeling, particularly on bone loss. With respect to dietarysupplementation, dietary phytoestrogens may improve bone mass and boneturnover and play a role in osteogenesis. In addition, dietaryphytoestrogens are believed to have beneficial effects in slowing orinhibiting bone loss. However, almost all of the studies related to thebeneficial effects of phytoestrogens such as soy isoflavones on boneswere conducted in either female animals under the conditions ofsurgically-induced menopause or in postmenopausal women. There is adearth of data regarding the effects of isoflavones on bone growth ingrowing animals and in male animals.

Phytoestrogens are chemicals produced by plants that have a similarstructure to mammalian estrogens. Phytoestrogens are subdivided intothree major classifications, i.e., coumestans, lignans, and isoflavones.The isoflavones have been shown to have positive effects on bone health.

Given the risk of (1) impaired bone growth and development and (2)accelerated bone loss and osteoporosis in animals that are in menopauseor andropause or have been gonadectomized, especially when the animalsare growing and their skeletal system has not matured yet, there is aneed for novel compositions and methods that promote healthy bone growthand that reduce or inhibit bone loss in animals without the risk ofdangerous side effects associated with traditional hormone replacementtherapy.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to providecompositions and methods for inducing bone growth or inhibiting boneloss.

It is another object of the present invention to provide compositionsand methods for inducing bone growth or inhibiting bone loss in apost-menopause, post-andropause, gonadectomized, spayed, or neuteredanimal.

It is a further object of the invention to provide articles ofmanufacture in the form of kits that contain combinations of theisoflavones or metabolites thereof of the present invention, foodcompositions, compounds, and devices that are useful for inducing bonegrowth or inhibiting bone loss in an animal.

One or more of these other objects are achieved using novel compositionsand methods for inducing bone growth or inhibiting bone loss. Generally,the compositions comprise one or more isoflavones or metabolites thereofin amounts effective for inducing bone growth or inhibiting bone loss.The isoflavones include at least one of daidzein, 6-O-malonyl daidzein,6-O-acetyl daidzein, genistein, 6-O-malonyl genistein, 6-O-acetylgenistein, glycitein, 6-O-malonyl glycitein, 6-O-acetyl glycitein,biochanin A, or formononetin. Also, the isoflavones or metabolitesthereof are soy isoflavones or metabolites thereof such as equol. Thecompositions may comprise additional ingredients such as substances thatthat promote or sustain general healthy bone growth or that inhibit boneloss such as DT56a, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA),silicon, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), or orthosilicic acid.

Other and further objects, features, and advantages of the presentinvention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

The following abbreviations may be used herein: CLA, conjugated linoleicacid; BCS, body condition score; BMR, basal metabolic rate; MER,maintenance energy requirement; DEXA, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry;BMC, bone mineral content; BMD, bone mineral density; BW, body weight;SGM; and soy germ meal.

The term “animal” means a human or other animal, including avian,bovine, canine, equine, feline, hicrine, murine, ovine, and porcineanimals, that could benefit from inducing bone growth or inhibiting boneloss.

The term “bone affecting agents” means any means any compound,composition, or drug useful for inducing bone growth or inhibiting boneloss in an animal other than the isoflavones or metabolites thereof ofthe present invention, e.g., bisphosophonates, raloxifene, estrogen,calcitonin, risedronate, and alendronate.

The term “bone growth” means any increase in bone cells or tissue,increase in bone mass, increase of bone minerals, increase of bonedensity, increase in bone length, or increase in bone width, as measuredby any means suitable in the art.

The term “bone loss” means any decrease in bone cells or tissue,decrease in bone mass, decrease of bone minerals, or decrease of bonedensity in a subject, as measured by any means suitable in the art.

The term “conjugated linoleic” or “CLA” is a collective term used todesignate a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of the essential(n-6) fatty acid linoleic acid.

The term “companion animal” means any domesticated animal, including,without limitation, cats, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, ferrets, hamsters,mice, gerbils, horses, cows, goats, sheep, donkeys, pigs, and the like.

The term “complete and nutritionally balanced pet food” means a pet foodthat contains all known required nutrients in appropriate amounts andproportions based on recommendations of recognized authorities in thefield of companion animal nutrition and is therefore capable of servingas a sole source of dietary intake to maintain life or promoteproduction without the addition of supplemental nutritional sources.Nutritionally balanced pet food compositions are widely known and widelyused in the art.

The term “dietary supplement” means a product that is intended to beingested in addition to the normal diet of an animal.

The term “effective amount” means an amount of a compound, material,composition, and/or dosage form as described herein that may beeffective to achieve a particular biological result. Such results mayinclude, but are not limited to, inducing healthy bone growth in young,growing gonadectomized animals, and inhibiting bone loss in adultanimals that are post-menopause or post-andropause or that have beengonadectomized. Such effective activity may be achieved, for example, bycausing the ingestion of compositions of the present invention.

The term “gonadectomized” means an animal that has had its generativeorgans (testis or ovaries) surgically removed.

The term “human food composition” means any composition intended foringestion by a human.

The term “in conjunction” means that a isoflavones or metabolitesthereof, food composition, bone affecting agents, or other compound orcomposition of the present invention are administered to an animal (1)together in a food composition or (2) separately at the same ordifferent frequency using the same or different administration routes atabout the same time or periodically. “Periodically” means that the agentis administered on a dosage schedule acceptable for a specific agent andthat the food is fed to an animal routinely as appropriate for theparticular animal. “About the same time” generally means that the foodand agent are administered at the same time or within about 72 hours ofeach other. “In conjunction” specifically includes administrationschemes wherein bone affecting agents is administered for a prescribedperiod and the compositions comprising one or more isoflavones ormetabolites thereof are administered indefinitely.

The term “isoflavones” means 3-phenylchromones, isomeric forms offlavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of thebenzopyran ring instead of the 2 position, and their respectivemetabolites. Whenever the term “isoflavones” is used herein, it isintended to encompass derivatives and metabolites of isoflavones, withparticular examples of isoflavone derivatives as described herein.Isoflavones may be found in a number of sources, including, but notlimited to, soy. Non-limiting examples of isoflavones include daidzein,6-O-malonyl daidzein, 6-O-acetyl daidzein, genistein, 6-O-malonylgenistein, 6-O-acetyl genistein, glycitein, 6-O-malonyl glycitein,6-O-acetyl glycitein, biochanin A, formononetin, or any metabolites ofisoflavones. Isoflavones and their use for various health benefits areknown. For example, soy has been found to reduce the risk ofcardiovascular disease; reduce the risk of breast and prostate cancer;relieve hot flushes associated with menopause estrogen deficiency;retard osteoporosis in postmenopause women; reduce total amount ofcholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides in plasma; preservecognitive functions in postmenopause women; improve symptoms ofhypertension; and promote weight loss.

The term “L-carnitine” means a trimethylammonium (betaine) derivative ofγ-amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid, formed from N8,N8,N8-trimethyllysine andfrom γ-butyrobetaine. L-carnitine is an acyl carrier for themitochondrial membrane that stimulates fatty acid oxidation. It issometimes referred to as Vitamin Bt or Vitamin B7.

The term “neutered” means an animal lacking or having imperfectlydeveloped or nonfunctional generative organs, whether such conditionoccurs congenitally, by natural development processes, or throughintervening surgery.

The term “oral administration” or “orally administering” means that ananimal orally ingests a food or other composition.

The term “pet food” or “pet food composition” means a composition thatis intended for ingestion by an animal, and preferably by companionanimals.

The term “single package” means that the components of a kit arephysically associated in or with one or more containers and considered aunit for manufacture, distribution, sale, or use. Containers include,but are not limited to, bags, boxes, bottles, shrink wrap packages,stapled or otherwise affixed components, or combinations thereof. Asingle package may be containers of individual food compositionsphysically associated such that they are considered a unit formanufacture, distribution, sale, or use.

The term “spay” means the removal of the ovaries of a female animal.

The term “virtual package” means that the components of a kit areassociated by directions on one or more physical or virtual kitcomponents instructing the user how to obtain the other components,e.g., in a bag containing one component and directions instructing theuser to go to a website, contact a recorded message, view a visualmessage, or contact a caregiver or instructor to obtain instructions onhow to use the kit.

All percentages expressed herein are by weight of the composition on drymatter basis unless specifically stated otherwise. The term “dry matterbasis” means that an ingredient's concentration in a composition ismeasured after any moisture in the composition is removed.

As used throughout, ranges are used for describing each and every valuewithin the range. Any appropriate value within the range can be selectedas the upper or lower value for the range.

The invention is not limited to the particular methodology, protocols,and reagents described herein because they may vary. Further, theterminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the presentinvention. As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms“a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. Similarly, the words “comprise”, “comprises”, and“comprising” are to be interpreted inclusively rather than exclusively.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms and anyacronyms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood byone of ordinary skill in the art in the field of the invention. Althoughany compositions, methods, articles of manufacture, or other means ormaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice of the present invention, the preferred compositions,methods, articles of manufacture, or other means or materials aredescribed herein.

All patents, patent applications, publications, and other referencescited or referred to herein are incorporated herein by reference to theextent allowed by law. The discussion of those references is intendedmerely to summarize the assertions made therein. No admission is madethat any such patents, patent applications, publications or references,or any portion thereof, is relevant prior art for the present inventionand the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of such patents,patent applications, publications, and other references is specificallyreserved.

The Invention

In one aspect, the present invention provides compositions suitable forinducing bone growth or inhibiting bone loss in an animal. Thecompositions comprise one or more isoflavones or metabolites thereof inan amount effective to induce bone growth or to inhibit bone loss in ananimal. The invention is based upon the discovery that isoflavones andvarious metabolites thereof are effective for promoting healthy bonegrowth and development and for inhibiting bone loss in animals. Theinvention is useful for promoting healthy bone growth in young, growinganimals and reducing bone loss in mature animals. The compositions havebeen found particularly effective for inducing bone growth or inhibitingbone loss in a post-menopause, post-andropause, gonadectomized, spayed,or neutered animal, especially when the animal's skeletal system isstill growing or maturing.

The isoflavones or metabolites thereof can be present in the compositionas an ingredient or additive. In one embodiment, the isoflavones are soyisoflavones. In another, the isoflavones are daidzein, 6-O-malonyldaidzein, 6-O-acetyl daidzein, genistein, 6-O-malonyl genistein,6-O-acetyl genistein, glycitein, 6-O-malonyl glycitein, 6-O-acetylglycitein, biochanin A, or formononetin, or metabolites thereof. In apreferred embodiment, the isoflavones metabolite is dihydrodaidzein orequol. In one embodiment, the compositions further comprise L-camitineand/or conjugated linoleic acid.

In one embodiment, the compositions are pet food compositions. Suchcompositions include foods intended to supply the necessary dietaryrequirements for an animal, animal treats (e.g., biscuits), or dietarysupplements. The compositions may be a dry composition (e.g., kibble),semi-moist composition, wet composition, or any mixture thereof. Inanother embodiment, the composition is a dietary supplement such as agravy, drinking water, beverage, yogurt, powder, granule, paste,suspension, chew, morsel, treat, snack, pellet, pill, capsule, tablet,or any other suitable delivery form. The dietary supplement can comprisea high concentration of isoflavones or metabolites thereof such that thesupplement can be administered to the animal in small amounts, or in thealternative, can be diluted before administration to an animal. Thedietary supplement may require admixing with water prior toadministration to the animal.

The composition may be refrigerated or frozen. The isoflavones ormetabolites thereof may be pre-blended with the other components of thecomposition to provide the beneficial amounts needed, may be coated ontoa pet food composition, or may be added to the composition prior tooffering it to the animal, e.g., using a sprinkled powder or a mix.

In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention compriseisoflavones or metabolites thereof in an amount effective to induce bonegrowth in an animal. In another, the compositions comprise isoflavonesor metabolites thereof in an amount effective to inhibit bone loss in ananimal. Preferably, in these embodiments, the composition comprises fromabout 0.1% to about 100% isoflavones or metabolites thereof, mostpreferably from about 0.1% to about 50%. For food compositions, thecomposition preferably comprises from 0.01% to about 50%, preferablyabout 0.01% to about 30%. In various embodiments, the compositioncomprises about 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%,5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 7.5%, 8.0%, 8.5%, 9.0%, 9.5%, 10.0%, 10.5%,11.0%, 11.5%, 12.0%, 12.5%, 13.0%, 13.5%, 14.0%, 14.5%, 15.0%, 15.5%,16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%,21.0%, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%,26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0%, 27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30%, 40%, 50%,or more of the composition. For example, dietary supplements may beformulated to contain several-fold or more higher concentrations ofisoflavones or metabolites thereof than typical compositions such thatthe supplements are amenable for administration to an animal in the formof a tablet, capsule, liquid concentrated, or other similar dosage form,or to be diluted before administrations, such as by dilution in water,spraying or sprinkling onto a pet food, and other similar modes ofadministration. Such supplements may comprise 100% isoflavones ormetabolites but are often formulated with carriers, excipients, and thelike.

The sources of each of the isoflavones or metabolites thereof can be anysuitable source, synthetic or natural. Preferred sources of isoflavonesinclude any isoflavones-containing plant, plant material, or plantextract, such as, but not limited to, legumes, clovers, and kudzu root.Preferred legume sources of isoflavones include chick peas, lentils, soybeans, or any other type of beans or peas that contain isoflavones.Soybean meal, soygerm meal, and the like may also be used. Preferredclover sources of isoflavones include red clover and subterraneanclover. Alternatively, the isoflavones or metabolites thereof may besynthesized de novo according to any means suitable in the art.

L-carnitine is a naturally occurring compound that plays an importantrole in energy production in an animal's body. Higher concentrations ofL-carnitine are found in tissues that use fatty acid as their primaryenergy source, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle, compared to othertissues. L-carnitine can stimulate osteoblast differentiation and mayplay a role in suppressing bone loss. The source for L-carnitine can beany animal tissue, including tissue isolated from mammals, fish, birds,and the like. Similarly, L-camitine may be obtained from milk isolatedfrom any mammal. Alternatively, L-carnitine can be synthesized de novoaccording to any means suitable in the art.

CLA plays a role in bone remodeling and growth. In addition, CLA hasbeen shown to benefit BMD in postmenopausal women. The source for CLAcan be any animal tissue, including tissue isolated from mammals, bird,fish, and the like. Similarly, CLA can be obtained from milk isolatedfrom any mammal. CLA can also be obtained from plants or plant oils suchas sunflower oil. Alternatively, CLA can be synthesized de novoaccording to any means suitable in the art. CLA may also be derived fromsynthetic isomers or synthetic analogs of CLA. The compositions mayfurther comprise bone affecting agents in amounts effective for inducingbone growth or inhibiting bone loss in an animal, alone or incombination with the isoflavones or metabolites thereof of the presentinvention.

In various embodiments, the animal is a human or companion animal suchas a post-menopause, post-andropause, gonadectomized, spayed, orneutered animal. In others, the animal is a young or growing animal inwhich bone development is occurring.

The compositions can optionally comprise supplementary substances suchas minerals, vitamins, salts, condiments, colorants, and preservatives.Non-limiting examples of supplementary minerals include calcium,phosphorous, potassium, sodium, iron, chloride, boron, copper, zinc,manganese, iodine, selenium and the like. Non-limiting examples ofsupplementary vitamins include vitamin A, various B vitamins, vitamin C,vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K. Additional dietary supplements mayalso be included, for example, niacin, pantothenic acid, inulin, folicacid, biotin, amino acids, and the like.

The compositions can optionally comprise one or more supplementarysubstances that promote or sustain general healthy bone growth, or thatinhibit bone loss. Such substances include, without limitation, DT56a,androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), silicon, CLA, andorthosilicic acid.

In various embodiments, pet food or pet treat compositions comprise fromabout 15% to about 50% crude protein. The crude protein material maycomprise vegetable proteins such as soybean meal, soy proteinconcentrate, corn gluten meal, wheat gluten, cottonseed, and peanutmeal, or animal proteins such as casein, albumin, and meat protein.Non-limiting examples of meat protein useful herein include pork, lamb,equine, poultry, fish, and mixtures thereof.

The compositions may further comprise from about 5% to about 40% fat.The compositions may further comprise a source of carbohydrate. Thecompositions may comprise from about 15% to about 60% carbohydrate.Non-limiting examples of such carbohydrates include grains or cerealssuch as rice, corn, milo, sorghum, alfalfa, barley, soybeans, canola,oats, wheat, and mixtures thereof. The compositions may also optionallycomprise other materials such as dried whey and other dairy by-products.

The compositions may also comprise at least one fiber source. A varietyof soluble or insoluble fibers may be utilized, as will be known tothose of ordinary skill in the art. The fiber source can be beet pulp(from sugar beet), gum arabic, gum talha, psyllium, rice bran, carobbean gum, citrus pulp, pectin, fructooligosaccharide additional to theshort chain oligofructose, mannanoligofructose, soy fiber,arabinogalactan, galactooligosaccharide, arabinoxylan, or mixturesthereof. Alternatively, the fiber source can be a fermentable fiber.Fermentable fiber has previously been described to provide a benefit tothe immune system of a companion animal. Fermentable fiber or othercompositions known to those of skill in the art which provide aprebiotic composition to enhance the growth of probiotic microorganismswithin the intestine may also be incorporated into the composition toaid in the enhancement of the benefit provided by the present inventionto the immune system of an animal. Additionally, probioticmicroorganisms, such as Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, orSaccharomyces species, for example, may be added to the composition.

In a preferred embodiment, the composition is a complete andnutritionally balanced pet food. In this embodiment, the pet food may bea wet food, a dry food, or a food of intermediate moisture content, aswould be recognized by those skilled in the art of pet food formulationand manufacturing. “Wet food” describes pet food that is typically soldin cans or foil bags, and has a moisture content typically in the rangeof about 70% to about 90%. “Dry food” describes pet food which is of asimilar composition to wet food, but contains a limited moisturecontent, typically in the range of about 5% to about 15%, and thereforeis presented, for example, as small biscuit-like kibbles. Thecompositions and dietary supplements may be specially formulated foradult animals, or for older or young animals, for example, a “puppychow,” “kitten chow,” or “senior” formulation. In general, specializedformulations will comprise energy and nutritional requirementsappropriate for animals at different stages of development or age.

Certain aspects of the invention are preferably used in combination witha complete and balanced food. That is, compositions comprisingisoflavones or metabolites thereof according to certain embodiments ofthe invention are preferably used with a high-quality commercial food.As used herein, “high-quality commercial food” refers to a dietmanufactured to produce the digestibility of the key nutrients of 80% ormore, as set forth in, for example, the recommendations of the NationalResearch Council above for dogs, or in the guidelines set forth by theAssociation of American Feed Control Officials. Similar high nutrientstandards would be used for other animals.

The skilled artisan will understand how to determine the appropriateamount of isoflavones or metabolites thereof to be added to a givencomposition. Such factors that may be taken into account include thetype of composition (e.g., pet food composition versus dietarysupplement), the average consumption of specific types of compositionsby different animals, and the manufacturing conditions under which thecomposition is prepared. Preferably, the concentrations of isoflavonesor metabolites thereof to be added to the composition are calculated onthe basis of the energy and nutrient requirements of the animal.According to certain aspects of the invention, the isoflavones ormetabolites thereof can be added at any time during the manufactureand/or processing of the composition. This includes, without limitation,as part of the formulation of the pet food composition or dietarysupplement, or as a coating applied to the pet food composition ordietary supplement. The compositions can be made according to any methodsuitable in the art.

In another aspect, the present invention provides methods for inducingbone growth or inhibiting bone loss in an animal. The methods compriseadministering to an animal one or more isoflavones or metabolitesthereof in an amount effective to induce bone growth or to inhibit boneloss in the animal. In various embodiments, the isoflavones aredaidzein, 6-O-malonyl daidzein, 6-O-acetyl daidzein, genistein,6-O-malonyl genistein, 6-O-acetyl genistein, glycitein, 6-O-malonylglycitein, 6-O-acetyl glycitein, biochanin A, or formononetin, ormetabolites thereof. In one embodiment, the isoflavones metabolite isdihydrodaidzein or equol. In one embodiment, the compositions furthercomprise L-camitine and/or conjugated linoleic acid.

In various embodiments, the composition is a human food composition, petfood composition, or a dietary supplement as described herein. Invarious embodiments, the isoflavones are daidzein, 6-O-malonyl daidzein,6-O-acetyl daidzein, genistein, 6-O-malonyl genistein, 6-O-acetylgenistein, glycitein, 6-O-malonyl glycitein, 6-O-acetyl glycitein,biochanin A, or formononetin, or metabolites thereof. In one embodiment,the isoflavones metabolite is dihydrodaidzein or equol. In oneembodiment, the methods further comprise administering L-camitine and/orconjugated linoleic acid in combination with the isoflavones ormetabolites thereof. In another, the methods further compriseadministering isoflavones or metabolites thereof in conjunction withbone affecting agents in amounts effective for inducing bone growth orinhibiting bone loss in an animal.

In various embodiments, the animal is a human or companion animal suchas a dog or cat. In certain embodiments, the animal is a post-menopause,post-andropause, or gonadectomized animal. In others, the animal is ayoung or growing animal.

The isoflavones or metabolites thereof are administered to the animalusing a variety of routes of administration. Such routes include,without limitation, oral, intranasal, intravenous, intramuscular,intragastric, transpyloric, subcutaneous, rectal, and the like.Preferably, the compositions are administered orally.

Administration can be on an as-needed or as-desired basis, for example,once-monthly, once-weekly, daily, or more than once daily. Similarly,administration can be every other day, week, or month, every third day,week, or month, every fourth day, week, or month, and the like.Administration can be multiple times per day. When utilized as asupplement to ordinary dietetic requirements, the composition may beadministered directly to the animal or otherwise contacted with oradmixed with daily feed or food. When utilized as a daily feed or food,administration will be well known to those of ordinary skill.

Administration can also be carried out as part of a dietary regimen forthe animal. For example, a dietary regimen may comprise causing theregular ingestion by the animal of a composition comprising one or moreisoflavones or metabolites thereof, in an amount effective to inducebone growth in the animal, or in an amount effective to inhibit boneloss in the animal. Regular ingestion can be once a day, or two, three,four, or more times per day, on a daily basis. The goal of regularingestion is to provide the animal with the preferred daily dose ofisoflavones or metabolites thereof, as exemplified herein.

Preferred daily does ranges for isoflavones and/or metabolites thereofranges from about 5 mg/day to about 5000 mg/day per animal. Preferably,the daily dose of isoflavones and/or metabolites thereof ranges fromabout 30 mg/day to about 500 mg/day per animal, and more preferably fromabout 80 mg/day to about 300 mg/day per animal. The daily dose ofisoflavones or metabolites thereof can be measured in terms of grams ofisoflavones or metabolites thereof per kg of BW of the animal. The dailydose of isoflavones or metabolites thereof can range from about 0.001g/kg to about 50 g/kg BW of the animal, although greater or lesser dosescan be provided. Preferably, the daily dose of isoflavones ormetabolites thereof is from about 0.001 g/kg to about 25 g/kg BW of theanimal. More preferably, the daily dose of isoflavones or metabolitesthereof is from about 0.001 g/kg to about 10 g/kg BW of the animal. Morepreferably, the daily dose of isoflavones or metabolites thereof is fromabout 0.001 g/kg to about 5 g/kg BW of the animal. More preferably, thedaily dose of isoflavones or metabolites thereof is from about 0.001g/kg to about 1 g/kg BW of the animal. More preferably, the daily doseof the isoflavones or metabolites thereof is from about 0.001 g/kg toabout 0.15 g/kg BW of the animal.

Preferred daily does ranges for L-camitine ranges from about 50 mg/dayto about 5000 mg/day per animal. Preferably, the daily dose ofL-camitine ranges from about 80 mg/day to about 500 mg/day per animal,and more preferably from about 100 mg/day to about 300 mg/day peranimal. The daily dose of L-carnitine can be measured in terms of gramsof L-carnitine per kg of BW of the animal. The daily dose of L-carnitinecan range from about 0.001 g/kg to about 50 g/kg BW of the animal,although greater or lesser doses can be provided. Preferably, the dailydose of L-carnitine is from about 0.001 g/kg to about 25 g/kg BW of theanimal. More preferably, the daily dose of L-carnitine is from about0.001 g/kg to about 10 g/kg BW of the animal. More preferably, the dailydose L-camitine is from about 0.001 g/kg to about 5 g/kg BW of theanimal. More preferably, the daily dose of L-camitine is from about0.001 g/kg to about 1 g/kg BW of the animal. Preferred daily does rangesfor CLA ranges from about 50 mg/day to about 10,000 mg/day per animal.Preferably, the daily dose of CLA ranges from about 500 mg/day to about6000 mg/day per animal, and more preferably from about 1000 mg/day toabout 4000 mg/day per animal.

The daily dose of CLA can be measured in terms of grams of CLA per kg ofBW of the animal. The daily dose of CLA can range from about 0.001 g/kgto about 50 g/kg BW of the animal, although greater or lesser doses canbe provided. Preferably, the daily dose of CLA is from about 0.001 μg/kgto about 25 g/kg BW of the animal. More preferably, the daily dose ofCLA is from about 0.001 g/kg to about 10 g/kg BW of the animal. Morepreferably, the daily dose CLA is from about 0.001 g/kg to about 5 g/kgBW of the animal. More preferably, the daily dose of CLA is from about0.001 g/kg to about 1 g/kg BW of the animal.

When formulating the compositions of the present invention, a skilledcan determine the amounts of the isoflavones or metabolites thereof andother compounds or ingredients based upon the dosages above and thecharacteristics of the animal. e.g., the animal's species, age, size,weight, health, and the like.

According to the methods of the invention, administration of theisoflavones or metabolites thereof, including administration as part ofa diet regimen, can span a period of time ranging from parturitionthrough the adult life of the animal.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides kits suitable foradministering a composition comprising one or more isoflavones ormetabolites thereof to an animal. The kits comprise in separatecontainers in a single package or in separate containers in a virtualpackage, as appropriate for the kit component, one or more isoflavonesor metabolites thereof and at least one of (1) one or more ingredientssuitable for consumption by an animal, (2) one or more bone affectingagents suitable for inducing bone growth or inhibiting bone loss, (3)instructions for how to combine the isoflavones or metabolites thereofand other kit components, particularly to produce a food compositionuseful for administering isoflavones or metabolites thereof to ananimal, and (4) instructions for how to use the isoflavones ormetabolites thereof and other components of the present invention,particularly for the benefit of the animal by inducing bone growth orinhibiting bone loss in the animal.

When the kit comprises a virtual package, the kit is limited toinstructions in a virtual environment in combination with one or morephysical kit components. The kit contains the isoflavones or metabolitesthereof and other components in an amount effective to induce bonegrowth or inhibit bone loss in the animal. Typically, the isoflavones ormetabolites thereof and the other suitable kit components (e.g., foodcompositions) are admixed just prior to consumption by an animal. Thekits may contain the kit components in any of various combinationsand/or mixtures. In one embodiment, the kit contains a packet containingone or more of the isoflavones or metabolites thereof and a container offood for consumption by an animal. The kit may contain additional itemssuch as a device for mixing the isoflavones or metabolites thereof andingredients or a device for containing the admixture, e.g., a food bowl.In another embodiment, the isoflavones or metabolites thereof are mixedwith additional nutritional supplements such as vitamins and mineralsthat promote good health in an animal.

The instructions can direct and/or inform a consumer, doctor, pet owner,veterinarian, food supplier, and the like that use of the isoflavones ormetabolites thereof can be used to induce bone growth or to inhibit boneloss in an animal. The instructions can also direct the user how toapply or admix the isoflavones or metabolites thereof to the food orwater of an animal.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a means forcommunicating information about or instructions for one or more of (1)using the isoflavones or metabolites thereof to induce bone growth or toinhibit bone loss in an animal, (2) admixing the isoflavones ormetabolites thereof with the other components (food compositions) of thepresent invention, (3) administering the isoflavones or metabolitesthereof to an animal, alone or in combination with the other elements ofthe present invention, and (4) using the kits of the present inventionto administer isoflavones or metabolites thereof to an animal,particularly to induce bone growth or to inhibit bone loss in an animal.The means comprises a document, digital storage media, optical storagemedia, audio presentation, or visual display containing the informationor instructions. In certain embodiments, the communication means is adisplayed web site, visual display kiosk, brochure, product label,package insert, advertisement, handout, public announcement, audiotape,videotape, DVD, CD-ROM, computer readable chip, computer readable card,computer readable disk, computer memory, or combination thereofcontaining such information or instructions. Useful information includesone or more of (1) methods and techniques for combining andadministering the isoflavones or metabolites thereof and/or othercomponents and (2) contact information for animals or their caregiversto use if they have a question about the invention and its use. Usefulinstructions include amounts for mixing and administration amounts andfrequency. The communication means is useful for instructing on thebenefits of using the present invention and communicating the approvedmethods for administering the invention to an animal.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method formanufacturing a food composition containing isoflavones or metabolitesthereof comprising admixing one or more ingredients suitable forconsumption by an animal and isoflavones or metabolites thereof orapplying isoflavones or metabolites thereof onto the food composition.In a further aspect, the present invention provides the foodcompositions manufactured using this method.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides for a use ofisoflavones or metabolites thereof to prepare a medicament. In another,the invention provides for the use of such isoflavones or metabolitesthereof to prepare a medicament for to inducing bone growth orinhibiting bone loss in an animal. Generally, medicaments are preparedby admixing a compound or composition with excipients, buffers, binders,plasticizers, colorants, diluents, compressing agents, lubricants,flavorants, moistening agents, and other ingredients known to skilledartisans to be useful for producing medicaments and formulatingmedicaments that are suitable for administration to an animal.

EXAMPLES

The invention can be further illustrated by the following examples,although it will be understood that these examples are included merelyfor purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope ofthe invention unless otherwise specifically indicated.

Example 1 Effect of Dietary Soy Isoflavones on Bone Growth in Normal,Gonadectomized Dogs

Dogs and Diets: Thirty normal, non-obese, newly gonadectomized LabradorRetrievers, 4-5 months old, were used in the study. Puppies wererandomized into three groups based on littermates to minimize geneticinfluence on skeletal muscle growth and health: Group 1 consisted of tennewly gonadectomized male and female Labrador Retrievers, which were feda well-balanced puppy diet comprising 29 to 30% protein and 20% fat (thecontrol diet). Group 2 consisted of ten newly gonadectomized male andfemale Labrador Retrievers, which were fed the control diet supplementedwith 10% soy germ meal (SGM). Group 3 consisted of ten newlygonadectomized male and female Labrador Retrievers, which were fed thecontrol diet supplemented with 10% SGM, 100 ppm L-camitine, and 1.5%CLA. SGM contains the following soy isoflavones: 17% genistein, 52%daidzein, and 31% glycitein. All puppies were fed to maintain theirideal body condition score, 5, by adjusting their food intakes. Theduration of the study was 70 weeks.

All dogs were given a pre-study MER determination. Before the study, andevery week after the study began through the conclusion of the study,the BW was measured made for each animal. Before the study, andbimonthly after the study began through the conclusion of the study, thefollowing measurements were taken for each animal: DEXA for body fat,lean body mass, bone chemistry, expanded thyroid profile, complete bloodcount, BMC, lumbar spine bone mineral content, and lumbar spine bonemineral density.

After 70-weeks of growth study, no differences in BW, lean body mass, orbody fat was observed among three groups. All parameters measured inblood chemistry, expanded thyroid profile, and complete blood count werealso determined to be within the normal range. Results related toskeletal growth are shown in Tables 1-4. BMC and BMD were assessed onlumbar spines 1-7 of each puppy in each experimental group.

The results are shown in Tables 1 through 4. Generally, the Tables showthe effects of isoflavones on BMC and BMD. Puppies were fed a controldiet (Ration 1), with 29 to 30% protein and 20% fat, an Isoflavone diet(Ration 2) (control diet supplemented with 10% SGM), or a Cocktail diet(Ration 3) (control diet supplemented with 10% SGM, 100 ppm L-camitine,and 1.5% CLA. In the Tables, Ration 1=control, Ration 2 isoflavones,Ration 3=isoflavones, CLA and L-carnitine.

Referring to the Tables, Table 1 shows the effects of dietary soyisoflavones on the BMC of lumbar spines 1-4 in gonadectomized growingmale and female puppies (4 months old) during a 70-week growth study.Puppies were fed to maintain their ideal body condition score of 5 byadjusting their food intakes. Referring to the results, BMC increased incontrol dogs over the 70 week study, but the BMC in puppies consumingthe isoflavone or isoflavone-containing cocktail diets was found to behigher than the BMC in puppies consuming the control diet at almost alltimes tested and at the end of the study. These data clearly indicatethat existing well-balanced, high quality puppy diet failed to promotean optimal increase in BMC in gonadectomized, growing male and femalepuppies.

Table 2 shows changes in BMD of lumbar spines 1-4 in the gonadectomizedgrowing male and female puppies (4 months old) during the 70-week growthstudy. Referring to the results, BMD of lumbar spines 1-4 increased inthe control dogs over the course of the 70 week study, but dogsconsuming the isoflavone or isoflavone-containing cocktail diets had ahigher BMD than the control dogs. These data show that existingwell-balanced, high quality puppy diet failed to promote an optimalincrease in BMD in gonadectomized, growing male and female puppies.

Table 3 shows the effects of dietary soy isoflavones on the BMC oflumbar spines 4-7 in gonadectomized growing male and female puppies (4months old) during the 70-week growth study. Referring to the results,BMC increased in control dogs over the 70 week study, but the BMC inpuppies consuming the isoflavone or isoflavone-containing cocktail dietswas found to be higher than the BMC in puppies consuming the controldiet at the end of the study. Notably, in contrast to the resultsobserved in lumbar spines 1-4, where BMC was generally the same betweendogs fed the cocktail and isoflavone diets, the results observed inlumbar spines 4-7 indicate that on the whole, dogs fed the cocktail diethad a higher BMC than dogs fed the isoflavone diet.

Table 4 shows changes in BMD of lumbar spines 4-7 in the gonadectomizedgrowing male and female puppies (4 months old) during the 70-week growthstudy. Referring to the results, BMD of lumbar spines 4-7 increased inthe control dogs over the course of the 70 week study, but dogsconsuming the isoflavone or isoflavone-containing cocktail diets had ahigher BMD than the control dogs at the end of the study when theskeletal system of the dogs reached maturity. These data show thatexisting well-balanced, high quality puppies diets could not compensatethe loss of growth-promoting effects of estrogen that was lost aftergonadectomy. As the results show, the control puppies never achievedoptimal peak BMC and BMD when their skeletal system reached maturity.Conversely, isoflavones and the isoflavone-containing cocktail areeffective in promoting better bone growth (higher BMC and BMD) ingonadectomized growing puppies.

TABLE 1 Weeks Ration 1 SE 1 Ration 2 SE 2 Ration 3 SE 3 L1-L4 BMC 1613.2741 1.1223 12.6152 1.1223 12.8699 1.0874 L1-L4 BMC 26 19.0018 1.071518.9969 1.0717 20.2617 1.0348 L1-L4 BMC 34 22.1142 1.0637 22.6728 1.063723.7819 1.0378 L1-L4 BMC 42 24.2471 1.0434 25.2927 1.0435 25.7862 1.0244L1-L4 BMC 50 25.7025 1.054 27.0549 1.0545 26.8387 1.0396 L1-L4 BMC 5826.7823 1.0708 28.1578 1.0717 27.5036 1.0601 L1-L4 BMC 66 27.7883 1.065628.7997 1.0658 28.3452 1.0574 L1-L4 BMC 70 28.3579 1.1022 29.0097 1.102229.0085 1.0956

TABLE 2 Weeks Ration 1 SE 1 Ration 2 SE 2 Ration 3 SE 3 L1-L4 BMD 160.7067 0.02817 0.7049 0.02817 0.7341 0.02722 L1-L4 BMD 26 0.826 0.027150.836 0.02715 0.8561 0.02616 L1-L4 BMD 34 0.8847 0.02699 0.9072 0.026990.9107 0.02624 L1-L4 BMD 42 0.92 0.02659 0.9543 0.02659 0.9399 0.02599L1-L4 BMD 50 0.9404 0.0268 0.9831 0.0268 0.9555 0.02631 L1-L4 BMD 580.9542 0.02714 0.9992 0.02714 0.9695 0.02675 L1-L4 BMD 66 0.9699 0.027031.0081 0.02703 0.9938 0.02673 L1-L4 BMD 70 0.9811 0.02776 1.0116 0.027761.0135 0.0275

TABLE 3 Weeks Ration 1 SE 1 Ration 2 SE 2 Ration 3 SE 3 L4-L7 BMC 1614.4363 1.1379 13.5979 1.1379 14.426 1.1001 L4-L7 BMC 26 20.7348 1.094920.6968 1.0949 22.369 1.0554 L4-L7 BMC 34 24.4373 1.0883 24.7872 1.088326.4567 1.0585 L4-L7 BMC 42 27.1118 1.0711 27.693 1.0711 29.0178 1.0476L4-L7 BMC 50 28.9061 1.08 29.6245 1.08 30.5032 1.061 L4-L7 BMC 5829.9677 1.0944 30.7917 1.0944 31.3636 1.0793 L4-L7 BMC 66 30.4443 1.089931.405 1.0899 32.0497 1.0782 L4-L7 BMC 70 30.5093 1.1208 31.5695 1.120832.4683 1.111

TABLE 4 Weeks Ration 1 SE 1 Ration 2 SE 2 Ration 3 SE 3 L4-L7 BMD 160.6846 0.02579 0.6652 0.02579 0.7117 0.02496 L4-L7 BMD 26 0.799 0.024730.8009 0.02473 0.827 0.02385 L4-L7 BMD 34 0.856 0.02456 0.8643 0.024560.8821 0.02392 L4-L7 BMD 42 0.8904 0.02414 0.9003 0.02414 0.9145 0.02365L4-L7 BMD 50 0.9099 0.02436 0.9208 0.02436 0.9335 0.02397 L4-L7 BMD 580.9221 0.02471 0.9376 0.02471 0.9488 0.02441 L4-L7 BMD 66 0.9347 0.02460.9626 0.0246 0.9697 0.02437 L4-L7 BMD 70 0.9434 0.02537 0.9818 0.025370.9852 0.02518

In the specification, there have been disclosed typical preferredembodiments of the invention and, although specific terms are employed,they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not forpurposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being set forth inthe claims. Obviously many modifications and variations of the inventionare possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to beunderstood that within the scope of the appended claims the inventionmay be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

1. A method for inducing bone growth in an animal comprisingadministering to the animal a composition comprising one or moreisoflavones or metabolites thereof in an amount effective to induce bonegrowth in the animal.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the compositionis a human food composition, pet food composition, or a dietarysupplement.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the food compositioncomprises from about 0.1% to about 50% isoflavones or metabolitesthereof.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the isoflavones include atleast one of daidzein, 6-O-malonyl daidzein, 6-O-acetyl daidzein,genistein, 6-O-malonyl genistein, 6-O-acetyl genistein, glycitein,6-O-malonyl glycitein, 6-O-acetyl glycitein, biochanin A, orformononetin.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the isoflavones are soyisoflavones or metabolites thereof.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein thesoy isoflavone metabolite is equol.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein theanimal is a gonadectomized, spayed, or neutered animal.
 8. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the composition is administered to the animal on a dailybasis.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition furthercomprises at least one of DT56a, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA), silicon, L-carnitine, conjugated linoleic acid, and orthosilicicacid.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the isoflavones or metabolitesthereof are administered in conjunction with one or more bone affectingagents.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the animal is a dog or cat.12. A method for inhibiting bone loss in an animal comprisingadministering to the animal a composition comprising one or moreisoflavones or metabolites thereof in an amount effective to inhibitbone loss in the animal, wherein the composition further comprises atleast one of DT56a, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA),silicon, L-carnitine, conjugated linoleic acid, and orthosilicic acid.13. The method of claim 12 wherein the composition is a human foodcomposition, pet food composition, or a dietary supplement.
 14. Themethod of claim 13 wherein the food composition comprises from about0.1% to about 50% isoflavones or metabolites thereof.
 15. The method ofclaim 12 wherein the isoflavones include at least one of daidzein,6-O-malonyl daidzein, 6-O-acetyl daidzein, genistein, 6-O-malonylgenistein, 6-O-acetyl genistein, glycitein, 6-O-malonyl glycitein,6-O-acetyl glycitein, biochanin A, or formononetin.
 16. The method ofclaim 12 wherein the isoflavones are soy isoflavones or metabolitesthereof.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the soy isoflavonemetabolite is equol.
 18. The method of claim 12 wherein the animal is apost-menopause or post-andropause animal.
 19. The method of claim 12wherein the composition is administered to the animal on a daily basis.20. The method of claim 12 wherein the isoflavones or metabolitesthereof are administered in conjunction with one or more bone affectingagents.
 21. The method of claim 12 wherein the animal is a dog or cat.